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Established at iCBR (Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Coimbra, Portugal) as a junior researcher in the Retinal Dysfunction & Neuroinflammation Lab (RDNab), I am passionate by the genetic and molecular mechanisms that underline the proliferation and differentiation of eukaryotic cells. I obtained my PhD at the University Lille 1, where I studied the coupling between epigenomic and transcription regulation using transcriptome profiling approaches. Afterwards, I decided to unravel the mechanisms involved in the retinal cell proliferation and differentiation steering my research towards the neuronal functions of the tumor suppressor Hippo pathway in the Luca lab (University of Pennsylvania). I generated and analyzed Ndr1 and Ndr2 knockout mouse models (CRISPR). This work led to the publication of two first author papers demonstrating that the loss of either Ndr kinase can promote the concomitant apoptosis and proliferation of retinal neurons, restricting the number of a certain type of neurons in the retina, an oral presentation at the XXIII Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Eye Research, an international conference in vision science and several presentations within the university of Pennsylvania. During my postdoctoral work, I also observed that Ndr kinases can modulate the expression of genes involved in retinal response to stress, which became the basis of my own research line, focused on the role of the immune cells in retinal homeostasis and the impact of abnormal immunological response in retinal degenerative diseases. To pursue this research, I answered to an international and highly competitive call for the position of junior researcher in Molecular and Cellular Immunology at the University of Coimbra, position that I won, having joined the RDNLab in January 2020, where I am in the process of establishing my research line. To achieve my objectives, I am combining the multi-disciplinary approach (molecular and cell biology, vision sciences, and immunology) of the RDNLab with my skills in transcriptome profiling and genome engineering. As a junior researcher, I have my own students and I am responsible for teaching a lecture on molecular biology. I pride myself as a woman successfully balancing motherhood and cutting-edge scientific research (400 citations in vision sciences, immunology and transcriptome profiling), and I believe that this grant will further empower me to achieve my scientific objectives in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuroimmune responses, asserting my position as an expert in the field of retinal degenerative diseases.
Identification

Personal identification

Full name
Hélène Léger

Citation names

  • Léger, Hélène

Author identifiers

Ciência ID
7118-8939-777A
ORCID iD
0000-0003-1116-8637
Researcher Id
AAX-5076-2020
Scopus Author Id
36448467700

Email addresses

  • hleger@uc.pt (Professional)

Addresses

  • iCBR, Polo III Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 , Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Professional)

Knowledge fields

  • Medical and Health Sciences - Basic Medicine - Neurosciences
  • Natural sciences - Biological Sciences - Cell Biology
  • Medical and Health Sciences - Basic Medicine - Immunology
  • Natural sciences - Biological Sciences - Molecular Biology

Languages

Language Speaking Reading Writing Listening Peer-review
French (Mother tongue)
English Advanced (C1) Advanced (C1) Advanced (C1) Proficiency (C2) Advanced (C1)
Portuguese Beginner (A1) Elementary (A2) Elementary (A2) Elementary (A2) Beginner (A1)
Education
Degree Classification
2023/03/07 - 2023/03/08
Concluded
Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Course (Outros)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2021/10/01 - 2021/10/14
Concluded
IV Modular Training in Laboratory Animal Science Function B (Outros)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2021/05/25 - 2021/05/28
Concluded
BioImage Analysis for High Content Screening (Outros)
Universidade do Porto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Portugal
2019 - 2019
Concluded
Champalimaud pratical course animal Function A (Outros)
Centro Champalimaud, Portugal
2008 - 2012
Concluded
PhD in Molecular and cellular biology (Doctorat)
Major in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Lille University of Science and Technology, France
"Functional study of the roles of the CBP/TDG/RARa complex in epigenetic regulation of the transcription and DNA repair: a link between DNA repair, transcription and epigenetic." (THESIS/DISSERTATION)
Cum Laude
2008/01/15 - 2008/02/15
Concluded
Molecular biology of the cell (Master)
Institut Pasteur, France
Cum Laude
2006 - 2008
Concluded
Cellular biology and development (Master)
Université Paris-Sud Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, France
"Impact of the serotoninergic network in granulosa cells proliferation in mice model." (THESIS/DISSERTATION)
Cum Laude
2003 - 2006
Concluded
Cellular biology and development (Bachelor)
Major in Cellular biology and development
Université Paris-Sud, France
"Screening of Gal4 Drosophila melanogaster lines using GAL4 and GAL80/UAS system and immunohistochemistry" (THESIS/DISSERTATION)
Affiliation

Science

Category
Host institution
Employer
2021/06/16 - Current Contracted Researcher (Research) Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2020/01/02 - 2021/01/15 Contracted Researcher (Research) Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Portugal
2014/04/21 - 2019/10/31 Postdoc (Research) University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States
2012/09/21 - 2014/03/28 Postdoc (Research) Fox Chase Cancer Center, United States

Positions / Appointments

Category
Host institution
Employer
2007 - 2008 Internship (Master) Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire de la neurotransmission et des processus neurodégénératif - Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, France
2007 - 2007 Internship (Master) Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Canada
2004 - 2004 Internship (Bachelor) Université Paris-Sud, France

Others

Category
Host institution
Employer
2021/01/16 - 2021/06/14 Maternity Leave N/A, Portugal
2008 - 2012 PhD Student Université de Lille, France
Projects

Grant

Designation Funders
2023/01 - 2024/06 Ndr2 kinase: a novel player in the regulation of microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy
2022.06170.PTDC
Principal investigator
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
Ongoing
2016 - 2019 Investigate the molecular mechanisms of NDR kinases and their substrates on cell division and cell fate in the retina
unknown
Post-doc
University of Pennsylvania, United States
University of Pennsylvania
2014 - 2019 Examining the role of Cbk1/NDR kinase in regulating mRNA localization
5R01GM097327-03
Post-doc
National Institute of General Medical Sciences
Concluded
2008 - 2012 Epigenomic Regulation by Thymine-DNA Glycosylase Complexes
unknown
PhD Student Fellow
Genopole
Concluded

Contract

Designation Funders
2020/01/01 - Current Investigate the mechanisms of NDR kinases in inflammation-induced angiogenesis in mouse retinas
IT057-19-8135
Principal investigator
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Portugal
Ongoing
2020/01 - Current The effect of DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on inflammation mediated by microglial cells
unknown
Researcher
Ongoing
2016 - 2019 Investigate the molecular mechanisms of NDR kinases and their substrates in neuronal development
5R01GM097327-03
Post-doc
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States
Concluded
2015 - 2016 A Zebrafish model for investigating Ndr kinase-dependent retina development
Unknown
Post-doc
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States
Concluded
2012 - 2014 Functional studies of TDG and its partners in epigenetic regulation of transcription
Unknown
Post-doc
Concluded

Other

Designation Funders
2006 - 2008 Role of the Serotoninergic network on granulosa cells proliferation and differentiation
Unknown
Master Student Fellow
Concluded
Outputs

Publications

Conference paper
  1. Léger, Hélène; Fazendeiro, Beatriz; António Francisco Ambrósio; Santos, Paulo Fernando Martins dos. "Ndr2 kinase regulates the microglia inflammatory response in high glucose conditions.". Paper presented in 2024 ARVO Annual Meeting, Seattle, 2024.
    Published
Conference poster
  1. Alarico, Su; Afonso M.; Alves A.; Amaral S.; Amorim R.; Candeias E.; Cardoso M.; et al. "GreenLabsCiBB: One path for sustainable research.". Paper presented in EU-LIFE 10th Anniversary Conference. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation., 2023.
  2. Léger, Hélène. "NDR kinases regulate amacrine cell proliferation and homeostasis". Paper presented in ISER's XXIII Biannual Meeting, 2018.
  3. Léger, Hélène. "NDR kinases regulate retinal development". Paper presented in 2017 Mid Atlantic Meiosis Meeting, 2017.
  4. Léger, Hélène. "NDR kinases regulate retinal development, homeostasis and gene expression". Paper presented in ARVO 2017, 2017.
  5. Léger, Hélène. "Role of NDR kinases in retina development". Paper presented in Biomedical Sciences Retreat - University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2016.
  6. Léger, Hélène. "Involvement of the DNA repair and epigenetic factor Thymine DNA Glycosylase in congenital heart disease". Paper presented in Fox Chase Cancer Center, 2013.
  7. Léger, Hélène. "Functional studies of CBP/TDG complexes reveal a close link between DNA repair, transcription, and epigenetic signaling". 2011.
Journal article
  1. Paulo F. Santos; António Francisco Ambrósio; Hélène Léger. "The Importance of Kinases in Retinal Degenerative Diseases". Kinases and Phosphatases (2024): https://doi.org/10.3390/kinasesphosphatases2010006.
    10.3390/kinasesphosphatases2010006
  2. Santos, Paulo F.; Fazendeiro, Beatriz; Luca, Francis C.; Ambrósio, António Francisco; Léger, Hélène. "The NDR/LATS protein kinases in neurobiology: Key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in the ocular and central nervous system". European Journal of Cell Biology 102 2 (2023): 151333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151333.
    10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151333
  3. Léger, Hélène; Santos, Paulo Fernando Martins dos. Corresponding author: Léger, Hélène. "The NDR/LATS protein kinases in neurobiology: key regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in the ocular and central nervous system". European Journal of Cell Biology (2023):
    Under revision
  4. Morley-Fletcher, Sara; Marrocco, Jordan; Leger, Helène; Mairesse, Jerome; Reynaert, Marie-Line; Van Camp, Gilles; Bouwalerh, Hammou; et al. "Grandma's stress programs transgenerational transmission of hippocampal glutamatergic synaptopathy associated with stress-related responses". Psychoneuroendocrinology 107 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.07.168.
    Published • 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.07.168
  5. Léger, Hélène. "Preparation of Mouse Retinal Cryo-sections for Immunohistochemistry.". Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE (2019): https://doi.org/10.3791/59683.
    10.3791/59683
  6. Hélène Léger; Evelyn Santana; N. Adrian Leu; Eliot T. Smith; William A. Beltran; Gustavo D. Aguirre; Francis C. Luca. "Ndr kinases regulate retinal interneuron proliferation and homeostasis". Scientific Reports 8 1 (2018): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30492-9.
    10.1038/s41598-018-30492-9
  7. Kamtchueng, Catherine; Stébenne, Marie-Éve; Delannoy, Aurélie; Wilhelm, Emmanuelle; Léger, Hélène; Benecke, Arndt G.; Bell, Brendan. "Alternative Splicing of TAF6: Downstream Transcriptome Impacts and Upstream RNA Splice Control Elements". PLoS ONE 9 7 (2014): e102399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102399.
    10.1371/journal.pone.0102399
  8. Léger, Hélène; Smet-Nocca, Caroline; Attmane-Elakeb, Amel; Morley-Fletcher, Sara; Benecke, Arndt G.; Eilebrecht, Sebastian. "A TDG/CBP/RARa Ternary Complex Mediates the Retinoic Acid-dependent Expression of DNA Methylation-sensitive Genes". Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 12 1 (2014): 8-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2013.11.001.
    10.1016/j.gpb.2013.11.001
  9. Moreno, Griselda; Errea, Agustina; Van Maele, Laurye; Roberts, Roy; Léger, Hélène; Sirard, Jean Claude; Benecke, Arndt; Rumbo, Martin; Hozbor, Daniela. "Toll-like receptor 4 orchestrates neutrophil recruitment into airways during the first hours of Bordetella pertussis infection". Microbes and Infection 15 10-11 (2013): 708-718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2013.06.010.
    10.1016/j.micinf.2013.06.010
  10. Ivanov, S.; Fontaine, J.; Paget, C.; Macho Fernandez, E.; Van Maele, L.; Renneson, J.; Maillet, I.; et al. "Key Role for Respiratory CD103+ Dendritic Cells, IFN- , and IL-17 in Protection Against Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Response to  -Galactosylceramide". Journal of Infectious Diseases 206 5 (2012): 723-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis413.
    10.1093/infdis/jis413
  11. Marqués, Juan M.; Rial, Analía; Muñoz, Natalia; Pellay, Francois-Xavier; Van Maele, Laurye; Léger, Hélène; Camou, Teresa; et al. "Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 acute infection shows a signature of Th17- and IFN-¿-mediated immunity". Immunobiology 217 4 (2012): 420-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.012.
    10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.012
  12. Smet-Nocca, Caroline; Wieruszeski, Jean-Michel; Léger, Hélène; Eilebrecht, Sebastian; Benecke, Arndt. "SUMO-1 regulates the conformational dynamics of Thymine-DNA Glycosylase regulatory domain and competes with its DNA binding activity". BMC Biochemistry 12 1 (2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2091-12-4.
    10.1186/1471-2091-12-4
  13. Eilebrecht, S.; Bécavin, C.; Léger, H.; Benecke, B.-J.; Benecke, A.; Eilebrecht, Sebastian; Bécavin, Christophe; et al. "HMGA1-dependent and independent 7SK RNA gene regulatory activity". RNA Biology 8 1 (2011): 143-157. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952213061&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.4161/rna.V.I.14261
  14. Van Maele, L.; Carnoy, C.; Cayet, D.; Songhet, P.; Dumoutier, L.; Ferrero, I.; Janot, L.; et al. "TLR5 Signaling Stimulates the Innate Production of IL-17 and IL-22 by CD3negCD127+ Immune Cells in Spleen and Mucosa". The Journal of Immunology 185 2 (2010): 1177-1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1000115.
    10.4049/jimmunol.1000115
  15. Ladam, F.; Leger, H.; Kherrouche, Z.; Tulasne, D.; Benecke, A.; de Launoit, Y.; Chotteau-Lelièvre, A.. "Characterization of the transcriptional networks involving PEA3 transcription factors during mammary morphogenesis and tumourigenesis". European Journal of Cancer Supplements 8 5 (2010): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71158-7.
    10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71158-7
Thesis / Dissertation
  1. Léger, Hélène. "Functional study of the roles of the CBP/TDG/RARa complex in epigenetic regulation of the transcription and DNA repair: a link between DNA repair, transcription and epigenetic.". PhD, Université de Lille, 2012.
Activities

Oral presentation

Presentation title Event name
Host (Event location)
2023/03/15 Ndr2 kinase: a novel player in the regulation of microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy Cursos Avançados: Ciências da Visão 
FMUC (Portugal)
2022/11/03 Ndr2 kinase: a novel player in the regulation of microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy RMT 2022
FMUC (Portugal)
2022/10/20 Deciphering the role of Ndr2 Hippo kinase in retinal vascularization 2nd International Symposium on Retina and Choroidal Angiogenesis
Université de Montréal (Montréal, Canada)
2019 Seminar - NDR kinases role in inflammation-induced angiogenesis in mouse retina
iCBR - Retinal Dysfunction & Neuroinflammation Lab
2019 Seminar - Ndr 1 and Ndr2 kinases regulate retinal cell proliferation and homeostasis
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes - Leonor Saúde Lab
2018 NDR kinases regulate amacrine cell proliferation and homeostasis - ISER International Meeting ISER's XXIII Biennial Meeting
International Society for Eye Research (Belfast, United Kingdom)
2017 Role of NDR kinases in retinal homeostasis - National Meeting Biomedical sciences retreat
University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, United States)
2013/01 Using the Thymine DNA Glycosylase P65A mutant to separate the DNA repair enzym and transcription regulator functions of TDG.
2010 Epigenomics control mechanisms by CBP/TDG complexes Colloque annuel des doctorants
(France)

Supervision

Thesis Title
Role
Degree Subject (Type)
Institution / Organization
2022/12/05 - 2023/09/30 Deciphering the functions of Ndr kinases as novel players in the regulation of microglia
Co-supervisor
Mestrado em Biotecnologia Farmaceutica (Master)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2022/09 - 2023/09 Mechanisms of Sitagliptin on the microglial cells with BV-2 as model
Co-supervisor
Mestrado em Engenharia Biome´dica (Master)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2023/02 - 2023/06 Impact of high glucose condition on Ndr kinases expression in microglial cells
Supervisor
Lic Biologia - Projecto II (Degree)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2022/11 - 2023/06 Characterization of the direct or indirect anti-inflammatory effects of the anti-diabetic drug sitagliptin on LPS-induced inflammatory response mediated by microglial cells.
Co-supervisor
Mestrado Integrado em Medicina - Investigac¸a~o Aplicada I e III (Master)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2022/09 - 2023/02/16 Effect of the DPP4 inhibitor, Sitagliptin, on LPS-induced inflammation mediated by microglial cells
Supervisor
Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
2018 - 2018 Ndr2 deletion impact amacrine cells differentiation
Supervisor
University of Pennsylvania, United States
2015 - 2015 Ndr1/2 expression in neuronal tissues
Supervisor
2013 - 2013 Cardivascular defect in TDG -/- mice
Supervisor
Fox Chase Cancer Center, United States

Event organisation

Event name
Type of event (Role)
Institution / Organization
2023/02/01 - 2023/02/28 Series of short seminars associated with an interactive activity during the Low vision awareness (2022/02/06 - 2023/02/09)
Exhibition (Co-organisor)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2023/02/01 - 2023/02/28 Seminar to raise awareness for low vision diseases and aged-macular degeneration (2023/02/23 - 2023/02/23)
Seminar (Co-organisor)
Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
2017/01/01 - 2019/09/30 Networking events - The Foreign National Committee organize a monthly Tea Time to allow postdocs meet, interact and establish valuable contacts within the different departments of the University of Pennsylvania. (2017/01/01 - 2019/09/30)
Other (Co-organisor)
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
2016/01/15 - 2019/08/31 Networking events - The Foreign National Committee organize a monthly Orientation to welcome Foreign National postdocs to the University of Pennsylvania (2016/01/01 - 2019/08/31)
Other (Co-organisor)
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
2019/03/01 - 2019/06/30 Immigration Seminar - The Foreign National Committee organize an annual Immigration Seminar featuring Dr. Brendan Delaney, partner at Leavy, Frank and Delaney who will present some essential tips on US immigration. (2019/06/13 - 2019/06/13)
Seminar (Co-organisor)
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
2018/03/01 - 2018/08/30 Immigration Seminar - The Foreign National Committee organize an annual Immigration Seminar featuring Dr. Brendan Delaney, partner at Leavy, Frank and Delaney who will present some essential tips on US immigration. (2018/08/17 - 2018/08/17)
Seminar (President of the Organising Committee)
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
2017/03/01 - 2017/06/30 Immigration Seminar - The Foreign National Committee organize an annual Immigration Seminar featuring Dr. Brendan Delaney, partner at Leavy, Frank and Delaney who will present some essential tips on US immigration. (2017/06/22 - 2017/06/22)
Seminar (President of the Organising Committee)
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States

Event participation

Activity description
Type of event
Event name
Institution / Organization
2023/04 - 2023/04 "Veja" o mundo como um doente com patologias da visão
Exhibition
FMUC Alunos 9º ano
Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal
2022 - 2022 FIC.a 2022
2022 - 2022 European night of the investigator
Exhibition

Association member

Society Organization name Role
2018 - Current International Society for Eye Research - ISER
2016 - Current Association for Research in Vision and Ophtalmology - ARVO
2015 - Current Association for Women in Science - AWIS
2013 - Current American Society for Cell Biology - ASCB

Committee member

Activity description
Role
Institution / Organization
2016/01/15 - 2019/08/31 Chairman - The Biomedical Postdoctoral Council (BPC) is a volunteer organization run by and for postdocs. It strives to support all postdocs in their research training and career development and enhance their experiences on an academic, career development, social, political and cultural basis. The Foreign National Committee promotes training (orientation and immigration, taxes and visa seminars), networking events, relocation and social resources to welcome Foreign National postdocs to the University of Pennsylvania.
President / Vice-president
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
2013 - 2014 Co-founder - The Women Love Science Club goal is to inspire leadership and career development to women postdoctoral researchers and to provide a supportive network to help balancing personal, familial and professional life.
President / Vice-president
Fox Chase Cancer Center, United States

Course / Discipline taught

Academic session Degree Subject (Type) Institution / Organization
2020 - Current Molecular Biology (Mestrado) Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal
2020 - 2020 Practical classes of "Regulação Celular" Regulac¸a~o Celular (Mestrado) Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal

Journal scientific committee

Journal title (ISSN) Publisher
2022/01/01 - Current Cell Biology (2330-0183) Science Publishing Group
2016 - Current BIO-PROTOCOL (2331-8325) Bio-Protocol

Mentoring / Tutoring

Topic Student name
2019/02/01 - Current Master student supervision Ana Dias
2019 - Current Evelyn Santana
2021 - 2021 Diana Gonçalves
2021 - 2021 João Miguel Grácio
2020/01/01 - 2020/06/30 Caroline Veloso
2018 - 2019 Undergraduate Student mentoring Clara Dannemann
2018 - 2019 Undergraduate Student mentoring Deianara Huettenmoser
2018 - 2019 Undergraduate Student mentoring Elisabeth Lemmon
2018 - 2019 Undergraduate Student mentoring Faazal Rehman
2017 - 2017 Mouse handling - molecular biology Rebecca Meltzer
2013 - 2013 Histology, Microscopy Gene Han
Distinctions

Award

2018 Travel Award
University of Pennsylvania, United States
2017 Travel Award
University of Pennsylvania, United States
2013 Postdoctoral Council Award
Fox Chase Cancer Center, United States
2008 Genopole Graduate Fellowship
Genopole, France

Other distinction

2019 Concurso Internacional
2017 Certification of Maître de Conférences
Conseil National des Universités, France
2008 Selected for the Molecular biology of the cell course
Institut Pasteur, France
2007 Exchange program between Paris-Sud and Montreal universities
Université de Montréal, Canada