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Alexandra Nunes is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro (UA) and Principal Investigator at Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) - Aveiro. During her career she has been teaching courses related to biochemistry, molecular biology, molecular biomedicine in both undergraduate and graduate levels. Alexandra Nunes started her undergraduate studies at the University of Aveiro, in Biochemistry and Food Chemistry which she concluded in 1996, and in 2000 concluded her Master Degree in Natural Products and Food Stuff in the same institution. She developed her PhD in Chemistry, in the Chemistry Department of University of Aveiro from 2000 to 2004. She is specialist in metabolic profiling, spectroscopic techniques and multivariate analysis of spectroscopic signals. Alexandra Nunes is interested in the application of spectroscopic techniques to the analysis of complex matrices, she uses multivariate analysis to the interpretation of spectroscopic signals for the analysis of biological samples. She applies FTIR spectroscopy as a screening tool to discriminate biologic samples with different age and age-related pathologies with particular interest in protein aggregation profile. She is putting a lot of effort in the identification of biomarkers of aging and age-related diseases as well as cancer biomarkers to be used in early diagnosis. Alexandra Nunes has been involved in 5 research projects has graduated 10 master students. Within these projects and other parallel research activities, she has published >45 papers, 8 books chapters (scopus h index=15/36 papers). Actually, she manages a research group with 12 people, including of 3 PhD student, 3 MSc students and 6 BsC students.
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Identification

Personal identification

Full name
Alexandra Pina da Cruz Nunes

Citation names

  • Nunes, Alexandra

Author identifiers

Ciência ID
DA14-8E7B-0A31
ORCID iD
0000-0002-0595-5821
Google Scholar ID
ok_thysAAAAJ&view_op
Researcher Id
G-5457-2014
Scopus Author Id
57204087960

Email addresses

  • alexandranunes@ua.pt (Professional)

Addresses

  • Departamento de Ciências Médicas - Agra do Crasto - Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 , Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (Professional)

Websites

Knowledge fields

  • Medical and Health Sciences - Health Sciences

Languages

Language Speaking Reading Writing Listening Peer-review
English Advanced (C1) Proficiency (C2) Proficiency (C2) Proficiency (C2) Advanced (C1)
Portuguese (Mother tongue)
Education
Degree Classification
2012/07/31
Concluded
 SFRH / BPD / 20776 (Pós-doutoramento)
Major in Espectroscopia e Análise Multivariada.
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Portugal
2004/10/15
Concluded
 Química (Doutoramento)
Major in Não Aplicável
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Portugal
2000/02/22
Concluded
 Química de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos (Mestrado)
Major in Não Aplicável
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Portugal
1996/07/23
Concluded
 Química (Licenciatura)
Major in Química Alimentar
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química, Portugal
Affiliation

Science

Category
Host institution 		Employer
2012/01/01 - Current Researcher (Research) Universidade de Aveiro Instituto de Biomedicina, Portugal

Teaching in Higher Education

Category
Host institution 		Employer
2008/09/01 - Current Assistant Professor (University Teacher) Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Projects

Contract

Designation Funders
2019 - Current EXO_DIAG_AD - Exosomes as diagnostic tools for Alzheimer´s disease
AARG-644347
Researcher
Alzheimer's Association
Ongoing
2018/09/01 - Current MEDISIS : Promotion and involvement of the Central Region key actors for the transfer of knowledge and creation of new partnerships in the areas of Systems Medicine
N.º CENTRO – 46-2016-02 Sistema de Apoio a Ações Coletivas
Researcher
Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional do Centro, Portugal
Ongoing
2017/09/01 - Current pAGE - Protein aggregation across the lifespan
Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000003
Researcher
Universidade de Aveiro Instituto de Biomedicina, Portugal
Ongoing
1996 - 1999 Improvement of the protein quality of sorghum and its introduction into staple food products for southern and eastern africa
INCO IC18-CT-96-0051
Master Student Fellow
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química, Portugal
Concluded

Other

Designation Funders
2015/01/01 - Current iBiMED strategic founding
UID/BIM/04501/2019
Researcher
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal
Ongoing
Outputs

Publications

Book chapter
  1. Nunes, Alexandra; Magalhaes, Sandra; Neuparth, M. J.. "Metabolismo do sistema digestivo. Metabolismo do Pâncreas Exócrino e sua regulação". In Bioquímica fisiológica: integração do metabolismo na especialização dos órgãos. Edições Afrontamento e autores, 2020.
    Published
  2. Magalhães, S.; Nunes, Alexandra; Fortuna, M.. "Metabolismo do sistema digestivo.A interação entre o metabolismo do estômago e a sua função". In Bioquímica fisiológica: integração do metabolismo na especialização dos órgãos., 271-282. Edições Afrontamento e autores, 2020.
    Published
  3. Nunes, Alexandra; Magalhães, Sandra. "Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Health Sciences". In Raman Spectroscopy. InTech, 2018.
    Published • 10.5772/intechopen.73087
  4. Saraiva, Jorge; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Nunes, Alexandra; Correia, Ana. "High-Pressure Processing for Improving Digestibility of Cooked Sorghum Protein". In Improving Food Quality with Novel Food Processing Technologies, 183-194. CRC Press, 2014.
    10.1201/b17780-12
  5. Delgadillo, Ivonne; Barros, Antnio; Nunes, Alexandra. "Quality Evaluation of Olives, Olive Pomace and Olive Oil by Infrared Spectroscopy". In Olive Oil - Constituents, Quality, Health Properties and Bioconversions. InTech, 2012.
    10.5772/30679
  6. Coimbra, M. A.; Nunes, A.; Barros, A. S.; Delgadillo, I.; Manuel A. Coimbra; Alexandra Nunes; António S. Barros; Ivonne Delgadillo; Eunice C. Y. Li-Chan. "The Potential of Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring Changes in Polysaccharides and Other Carbohydrates during Processing". In Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Food Science, 261-276. 2010.
    Published • 10.1002/0470027320.s8945
  7. Duodu, K. G.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Belton, P. S.. "Low protein digestibility of cooked sorghum – causes and needs for further research". In AFRIPRO – Workshop on the Proteins of Sorghum and Millet: Enhancing Nutritional and Functional Properties for Africa. 2003.
    Published
  8. Nunes, Alexandra; Taylor, J. ; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Study by FTIR of Temperature on Sorghum Starch". In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: Modern Trends. Springer Netherlands, 1997.
Conference abstract
  1. Adriana Costa; Diana Viegas; Tiago Mateus; Ana Basílio; Idália ALmeida; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Nunes, Alexandra; Sandra Rebelo. "Two novelmolecular approaches towards deciphering Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1". Paper presented in 16th International Congress of Neuromuscular Diseases, Valencia, 2021.
    Accepted
  2. Soares Martins, T.; Magalhaes, S.; Martins Rosa, I.; da Cruz e Silva, O.A.B.; Nunes, Alexandra; Henriques, A.G.. "Lipid profiles of extracellular vesicles are distinct for Alzheimer's disease cases". Paper presented in Alzheimer's Association International Conference, 2020.
    Published
Conference paper
  1. Costa, Adriana; Viegas, Diana; Mateus, Tiago; Basílio, Ana; Almeida, Idália; Cruz e Silva, O.; Nunes, Alexandra; et al. "Two novel molecular approaches towards deciphering Myotonic Dystrophy type 1". Paper presented in 16th International Congress of Neuromuscular Diseases, 2021.
  2. Adriana Costa; Diana Viegas; Tiago Mateus; Idália Almeida; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Nunes, Alexandra; Sandra Rebelo. "Two novelmolecular approaches towards deciphering Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1". Paper presented in 16th International Congress of Neuromuscular Diseases, Valencia, 2021.
    Accepted
Conference poster
  1. Soares Martins, T.; Magalhaes, S.; Martins Rosa, I; da Cruz e Silva, O.A.B.; Nunes, Alexandra; Henriques, A.G.. "Lipid profiles of extracellular vesicles are distinct forAlzheimer's disease cases". Paper presented in Alzheimer's Association International Conference, 2020.
  2. Soares Martins, T; Magalhães, S.; Martins Rosa, I; Vogelgsang, J.; Wiltfang, J.; Delgadillo, I.; Catita, J.; et al. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of extracellular vesicles as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease". Paper presented in 5th GEIVEX Symposium, 2019.
  3. Teixeira, M.; Gouveia, M.; Duarte, A.; Ferreira, M.; Simões, M.I.; Conceição, M.; Silva, G.; et al. "Proteostasis, inflammatory and vasoactive biomarkers in patients with hypertension: effect of exercise training". Paper presented in EuroPrevent, 2019.
  4. Almeida, I.; Magalhaes, S.; Martins, T.; Martins Rosa, I.; Delgadillo, I.; da Cruz e Silva, O.A.B.; Henriques, A.G.; Nunes, Alexandra. "ATR-FTIR spectroscopy detects changes in lipid profile during aging". Paper presented in V Postgrad symposium in Biomedicine, 2019.
  5. Magalhães, S.; Trindade, D.; Martins, T.; Martins Rosa, I.; Delgadillo, I.; Goodfellow, B.J.; da Cruz e Silva, O.A.B.; Henriques, A.G.; Nunes, Alexandra. "FTIR spectroscopy reveals changes in protein aggregation profile in plasma from middle to old age". Paper presented in V Postgrad Symposium in Biomedicine, 2019.
  6. Magalhaes, S.; Trindade, D.; Martins, T.; Martins Rosa, I.; Delgadillo, I.; Goodfellow, B.J.; da Cruz e Silva, O.A.B.; Henriques, A.G.; Nunes, Alexandra. "Monitoring plasma protein aggregation during ageing using FTIR spectroscopy". Paper presented in Jornadas do CICECO 2019, 2019.
  7. Magalhaes, Sandra; Martins, Tânia; Rosa, Ilka; Ana Gabriela Henriques; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Goodfellow, B.J.; Nunes, Alexandra. "Unravelling an age-related metabolomic profile of human plasma: a spectroscopic approach (preliminary data).". Paper presented in IV PostGraduate Symposium in Biomedicine, 2018.
  8. Magalhaes, Sandra; Martins, Tânia; Rosa, Ilka; Ana Gabriela Henriques; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Goodfellow, B.J.; Nunes, Alexandra. "ATR-FTIR spectroscopy detects age-related changes in human plasma: preliminary data.". Paper presented in Ciência 2018, 2018.
  9. Magalhaes, Sandra; Graça, Ana Luísa; Tavares, Joana; Santos, Manuel S.; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Goodfellow, B.J.; Nunes, Alexandra. "Identification of protein aggregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy". Paper presented in Jornadas CICICO 2018, 2018.
  10. Felgueiras, J.; Vieira Silva J.; Nunes, Alexandra; Patrício, A.; Pelech S.; Fardilha, M.. "Understanding prostate cancer biology using metabolomics and proteomics approaches: potentials in the improvement of the diagnosis, prognosis and identification of new therapeutic targets.". Paper presented in Eur J Cancer, 2018.
  11. Santos, F.; Magalhaes, S.; Henriques, M.C.; Silva, B.; Valença, I.; Ribeiro, D.; Fardilha, M.; et al. "Discrimination between tumoral and normal prostate cells by FTIR spectroscopy". Paper presented in Jornadas do CICECO, 2018.
  12. Felgueiras, Juliana; Vieira Silva, Joana; Nunes, Alexandra; Patrício, A; Pelech, S; Fardilha, Margarida. "Understanding prostate cancer biology using metabolomics and proteomics approaches: potentials in the improvement of the diagnosis, prognosis and identification of new therapeutic targets.". Paper presented in III PostGraduate Symposium in Biomedicine., 2017.
  13. Correia, Marta; Lopes, Jéssica; Silva, Rafaela; Rosa, Ilka; Ana Gabriela Henriques; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Nunes, Alexandra. "Identification of metabolic changes in dementia patients using FTIR.". Paper presented in 1st International Electronic Conference on Metabolomics, 2016.
  14. Silva, Rafaela; Ana Gabriela Henriques; Oliveira, J M; Carvalho, L; Rosa, Ilka; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Odete da Cruz e Silva; et al. "Identification of Alzheimer biomarkers with mid-infrared spectroscopy– exploratory study". Paper presented in XIII Meeting of the Portuguese Society for Neurosciences, 2013.
  15. Nunes, Cláudia; Maricato, Élia; Cunha, Ângela; Nunes, Alexandra; Coimbra, M. A.. "Chitosan-caffeic acid-genipin films presenting enhanced antioxidant activity and stability in acid media". Paper presented in XXIII Meeting of the Portuguese society of chemistry, 2013.
  16. Vicente, Â. H.; Sousa, R.; Albuquerque, R.; Nunes, Alexandra; Pinto, L.; Calado, R. ; Leandro, S. M.. "Effect of different diets on growth and biochemical composition of the exoskeleton of juvenile Palaemon elegans (Rathke, 1837)". Paper presented in International Meeting on Marine Resources, 2012.
  17. Sánchez, C.; Nunes, Alexandra; Goulão, L.F; Coimbra, M.A.; Barreiro, G.. "Insights into the mechanisms underlying the antagonistic action of A. pullulans against postharvest decay in pears". Paper presented in X Simpósio Espanhol e VII Ibérico de Maturação e Pós-colheita, 2012.
  18. Nunes, Alexandra; Barros, A. S.; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Rocha, S.M.. "Avaliação da aplicabilidade da metodologia de SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS na obtenção do perfil metabólico volátil de azeites extra-virgem". Paper presented in 6º Encontro Nacional de Cromatografia, 2009.
  19. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Saraiva, Jorge; Barros, A. S.; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Use of High Pressure technology to improve sorghum nutritional quality". Paper presented in XVI th National Congress of Biochemistry, 2008.
  20. Kuhnen, S; Campestrini, L.H; Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Maraschin, M.; Dias, P.F. "Análise espectroscópica (FTIR) e quimiométrica da fração amilose de variedades locais e comerciais de milho (Zea mays)". Paper presented in XV Congresso Latino Americano de Analistas de Alimentos da Sociedade Brasileira de Analistas de Alimentos, 2007.
  21. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Barros, A. S.; Delgadillo, I.. "Protein profile and malt activity during sorghum germination.". Paper presented in 3rd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Food Analysis, 2007.
  22. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Comparação dos efeitos produzidos por diferentes espécies bacterianas na fermentação do Sorgo.". Paper presented in 8º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos, 2007.
  23. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Comparação dos efeitos induzidos por diferentes métodos de processamento nas proteínas do sorgo.". Paper presented in 7º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos, 2005.
  24. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Barros, A. S.; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Comparison of the effects induced by different processing methods on sorghum proteins.". Paper presented in Intrafood 2005 - Innovations in traditional foods, 2005.
  25. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Fermentação do sorgo com microorganismos de iogurte natural. Comparação com o processo tradicional de fermentação". Paper presented in Biotec 2003, 2003.
  26. Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Solid-state NMR study of un-cooked and cooked sorghum and maize flours.". Paper presented in 2nd Portuguese-Brazilian NMR conference, 2003.
  27. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Application of lactic bacteria fermentation on sorghum flour.". Paper presented in Micro 2003, 2003.
  28. Correia, I.; Nunes, Alexandra; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Effect of fermentation on sorghum flour.". Paper presented in Actas do 6º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos, 2003.
  29. Coimbra, M. A.; Cerná, M.; Barros, A. S.; Nunes, Alexandra; Rocha, S. M.; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Copíková, J.. "Analysis of polysaccharide food additives by FT-IR spectroscopy.". Paper presented in Actas do 6º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos, 2003.
  30. Akhter, Nazneen; Khan, A.R.; Talib, Yusuf; Shadab, Shazia; Patel, Ruhina. "Analysis of Gel Electrophoresis Images". Paper presented in Actas do 6º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos, 2003.
    10.1109/icetet.2008.132
  31. Nunes, Alexandra; Correia, I.; Delgadillo, Ivonne. "Sequential in vitro pepsin digestion of uncooked and cooked sorghum and maize samples.". Paper presented in 6º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos, 2003.
Journal article
  1. Cláudia Martins; Idália Almeida; Sandra Rebelo; Sandra Magalhães; Alexandra Nunes. "Age-Related Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Changes in Protein Conformation in an Aging Model of Human Dermal Fibroblasts". Spectroscopy Journal (2023): https://doi.org/10.3390/spectroscj1010004.
    10.3390/spectroscj1010004
  2. Marisol Gouveia; Manuel Teixeira; Cristine Schmidt; Mário Lopes; Dário Trindade; Sandra Magalhães; Ana Gabriela Henriques; et al. "Impaired Extracellular Proteostasis in Patients with Heart Failure". Archives of Medical Research (2023): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.02.001.
    10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.02.001
  3. Vanessa Neto; Sara Esteves-Ferreira; Isabel Inácio; Márcia Alves; Rosa Dantas; Teresa Azevedo; Joana Guimarães; Maria Teresa Herdeiro; Alexandra Nunes. "Development and validation of the clinical report form for nodular thyroid pathologies". Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2022): https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000534.
    10.20945/2359-3997000000534
  4. Sandra Magalhães; Idália Almeida; Cátia D. Pereira; Sandra Rebelo; Brian J. Goodfellow; Alexandra Nunes. "The Long-Term Culture of Human Fibroblasts Reveals a Spectroscopic Signature of Senescence". International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2022): https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105830.
    10.3390/ijms23105830
  5. Manuel Teixeira; Dário Trindade; Marisol Gouveia; Roberta Eller-Borges; Sandra Magalhães; Ana Duarte; Miriam Ferreira; et al. "Proteostasis Response to Protein Misfolding in Controlled Hypertension". Cells 11 10 (2022): 1686-1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11101686.
    10.3390/cells11101686
  6. Vanessa Neto; Sara Esteves-Ferreira; Isabel Inácio; Márcia Alves; Rosa Dantas; Idália Almeida; Joana Guimarães; Teresa Azevedo; Alexandra Nunes. "Metabolic Profile Characterization of Different Thyroid Nodules Using FTIR Spectroscopy: A Review". Metabolites (2022): https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010053.
    10.3390/metabo12010053
  7. "FTIR spectroscopy confirms age-related changes in protein conformation in a new independent dataset of human plasma samples". Medical Research Archives 10 2 (2022): http://dx.doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i2.2616.
    10.18103/mra.v10i2.2616
  8. Sandra Magalhães; Idália Almeida; Filipa Martins; Fátima Camões; Ana R. Soares; Brian J. Goodfellow; Sandra Rebelo; Alexandra Nunes. "FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study Age-Related Changes in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle of Female C57BL/6J Mice". Molecules (2021): https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216410.
    10.3390/molecules26216410
  9. Sandra Magalhães; Brian J. Goodfellow; Alexandra Nunes. "FTIR spectroscopy in biomedical research: how to get the most out of its potential". Applied Spectroscopy Reviews (2021): https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2021.1946822.
    10.1080/05704928.2021.1946822
  10. I. Almeida; S. Magalhães; A. Nunes. "Lipids: biomarkers of healthy aging". Biogerontology 22 3 (2021): 273-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-021-09921-2.
    10.1007/s10522-021-09921-2
  11. Gouveia, M; Schmidt, C; Teixeira, M; Magalhaes, S; Nunes, A; Lopes, M; Vitorino, R; et al. "Effect of exercise training on amyloid-like protein aggregates among patients with heart failure". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 28 Supplement (2021): http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab061.038.
    10.1093/eurjpc/zwab061.038
  12. Mateus T.; Idália Almeida; Adriana Costa; Diana Viegas; Sandra Magalhães; Filipa Martins; Herdeiro MT; et al. "Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a Discriminatory Tool for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Metabolism: A Pilot Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2021): https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/7/3800.
    10.3390/ijerph18073800
  13. Mateus, Tiago; Martins, Filipa; Nunes, Alexandra; Herdeiro, Maria Teresa; Rebelo, Sandra. "Metabolic Alterations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 and Their Correlation with Lipin". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 4 (2021): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041794.
    10.3390/ijerph18041794
  14. Almeida Idália; Magalhaes, Sandra; Nunes, Alexandra. "Lipids:Biomarkers of Healthy Aging". Biogerontology (2021):
    Accepted
  15. Mateus, Tiago; Almeida Idália; Adriana Costa; Diana VIegas; Magalhaes, Sandra; Martins, Filipa; Herdeiro, Maria Teresa; Nunes, Alexandra; Rebelo, Sandra. "Fourier-transform infraredspectroscopy as a discriminatory tool for Myotonic Dystrophy type 1metabolism: a pilot study". International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health (2021):
    Accepted
  16. Ana Rocha; Sandra Magalhães; Nunes, Alexandra. "Cell culture studies: a promising approach to the metabolomic study of human aging". Current Metabolomics and Systems Biology (2021):
    In press
  17. Felgueiras, Juliana; Silva, Joana Vieira; Nunes, Alexandra; Fernandes, Inês; Patrício, António; Maia, Nuno; Pelech, Steven; Fardilha, Margarida. "Investigation of spectroscopic and proteomic alterations underlying prostate carcinogenesis". Journal of Proteomics 226 (2020): 103888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103888.
    10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103888
  18. Rocha, Ana; Magalhães, Sandra; Nunes, Alexandra. "Study aging by fibroblasts metabolome". Current Molecular Medicine 20 (2020): http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524020999200831120852.
    10.2174/1566524020999200831120852
  19. Magalhães, Sandra; Trindade, Dário; Martins, Tânia; Martins Rosa, Ilka; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Goodfellow, Brian J; da Cruz e Silva, Odete A B; Henriques, Ana Gabriela; Nunes, Alexandra. "Monitoring plasma protein aggregation during aging using conformation-specific antibodies and FTIR spectroscopy". Clinica Chimica Acta 502 (2020): 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.025.
    10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.025
  20. Martins, Tânia Soares; Magalhães, Sandra; Rosa, Ilka Martins; Vogelgsang, Jonathan; Wiltfang, Jens; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Catita, José; et al. "Potential of FTIR Spectroscopy Applied to Exosomes for Alzheimer’s Disease Discrimination: A Pilot Study". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 74 1 (2020): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-191034.
    10.3233/jad-191034
  21. Teixeira, Manuel; Gouveia, Marisol; Duarte, Ana; Ferreira, Miriam; Simões, Maria I; Conceição, Maria; Silva, Gladys; et al. "Regular Exercise Participation Contributes to Better Proteostasis, Inflammatory Profile, and Vasoactive Profile in Patients With Hypertension". American Journal of Hypertension 33 2 (2019): 119-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz160.
    10.1093/ajh/hpz160
  22. Santos, Francisco; Magalhães, Sandra; Henriques, Magda Carvalho; Silva, Beatriz; Valença, Isabel; Ribeiro, Daniela; Fardilha, Margarida; Nunes, Alexandra. "Understanding Prostate Cancer Cells Metabolome: A Spectroscopic Approach". Current Metabolomics 6 3 (2019): 218-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213235x07666181122124106.
    10.2174/2213235x07666181122124106
  23. Magalhaes, S.; Goodfellow, B.J.; Nunes, A.. "Aging and Proteins: What Does Proteostasis Have to Do with Age?". Current Molecular Medicine 18 3 (2018): 178-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524018666180907162955.
    10.2174/1566524018666180907162955
  24. Santos, Francisco; Magalhaes, Sandra; Henriques, Magda Carvalho; Fardilha, Margarida; Nunes, Alexandra. "Spectroscopic Features of Cancer Cells: FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Early Diagnosis". Current Metabolomics 6 2 (2018): 103-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213235x06666180521084551.
    10.2174/2213235x06666180521084551
  25. Magalhães, Sandra; Graça, Ana; Tavares, Joana; Santos, Manuel A. S.; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Nunes, Alexandra. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model to Confirm the Ability of FTIR to Evaluate the Presence of Protein Aggregates". Spectral Analysis Review 06 01 (2018): 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sar.2018.61001.
    10.4236/sar.2018.61001
  26. Ana Graça; Sandra Magalhães; Alexandra Nunes. "Biological Predictors of Aging and Potential of FTIR to Study Age-related Diseases and Aging Metabolic Fingerprint". Current Metabolomics 5 2 (2017): https://doi.org/10.2174%2F2213235x04666161107150017.
    10.2174/2213235x04666161107150017
  27. Sandra Magalhães; Alexandra Nunes. "Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Unicellular Models". Current Metabolomics 05 999 (2017): 1-1. https://doi.org/10.2174%2F2213235x05666170502104238.
    10.2174/2213235x05666170502104238
  28. Jéssica Lopes; Marta Correia; Ilka Martins; Ana Gabriela Henriques; Ivonne Delgadillo; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Alexandra Nunes; et al. "FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Dementia Diagnosis Through Analysis of Biological Fluids". JAD 52 3 (2016): 801-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-151163.
    10.3233/jad-151163
  29. Marta Correia; Jéssica Lopes; Rafaela Silva; Ilka Martins Rosa; Ana Gabriela Henriques; Ivonne Delgadillo; Odete da Cruz e Silva; Alexandra Nunes. "FTIR Spectroscopy - A Potential Tool to Identify Metabolic Changes in Dementia Patients". Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases 2 2 (2016): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.24966%2Fand-9608%2F100007.
    10.24966/and-9608/100007
  30. Daniel Filipe Cruz; Catarina Lume; Joana Vieira Silva; Alexandra Nunes; Inês Castro; Rafaela Silva; Vladimiro Silva; Rita Ferreira; Margarida Fardilha. "Oxidative stress markers: Can they be used to evaluate human sperm quality?". Turkish Journal of Urology 41 4 (2015): 198-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tud.2015.06887.
    10.5152/tud.2015.06887
  31. Isabel Silva; Alexandra Nunes; Sílvia M. Rocha; Manuel A. Coimbra. "Composition of food grade Atlantic salts regarding triacylglycerides, polysaccharides and protein". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 41 (2015): 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.12.023.
    10.1016/j.jfca.2014.12.023
  32. Moreirinha, C.; Nunes, A.; Barros, A.; Almeida, A.; Delgadillo, I.. "Evaluation of the potential of mid-infrared spectroscopy to assess the microbiological quality of ham". Journal of Food Safety (2015): http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84920913636&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1111/jfs.12176
  33. Pinto, M.; Coelho, E.; Nunes, A.; Brandão, T.; Coimbra, M.A.. "Valuation of brewers spent yeast polysaccharides: A structural characterization approach". Carbohydrate Polymers 116 (2015): 215-222. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84910683948&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.010
  34. Nunes, C.; Maricato, É.; Cunha, Â.; Nunes, A.; Silva, J.A.L.D.; Coimbra, M.A.. "Chitosan-caffeic acid-genipin films presenting enhanced antioxidant activity and stability in acidic media". Carbohydrate Polymers 91 1 (2013): 236-243. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865590360&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.033
  35. Correia, I.; Nunes, A.; Saraiva, J.A.; Barros, A.S.; Delgadillo, I.. "High pressure treatments largely avoid/revert decrease of cooked sorghum protein digestibility when applied before/after cooking". LWT - Food Science and Technology 44 4 (2011): 1245-1249. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78751703985&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.lwt.2010.10.021
  36. Correia, I.; Nunes, A.; Barros, A.S.; Delgadillo, I.. "Comparison of the effects induced by different processing methods on sorghum proteins". Journal of Cereal Science 51 1 (2010): 146-151. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73849150201&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.jcs.2009.11.005
  37. Correia, I.; Nunes, A.; Guedes, S.; Barros, A.S.; Delgadillo, I.. "Screening of lactic acid bacteria potentially useful for sorghum fermentation". Journal of Cereal Science 52 1 (2010): 9-15. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953306707&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.jcs.2010.02.011
  38. Barros, A.S.; Nunes, A.; Martins, J.; Delgadillo, I.. "Determination of oil and water in olive and olive pomace by NIR and multivariate analysis". Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 3 3 (2009): 180-186. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73349130760&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1007/s11694-009-9083-3
  39. Ferreira, C.O.; Nunes, C.A.; Delgadillo, I.; Lopes-da-Silva, J.A.. "Characterization of chitosan-whey protein films at acid pH". Food Research International 42 7 (2009): 807-813. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349208211&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.005
  40. Nunes, A.; Martins, J.; Barros, A.S.; Galvis-Sánchez, A.C.; Delgadillo, I.. "Estimation of olive oil acidity using FT-IR and partial least squares regression". Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 3 3 (2009): 187-191. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73349091525&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1007/s11694-009-9084-2
  41. Correia, I.; Nunes, A.; Barros, A.S.; Delgadillo, I.. "Protein profile and malt activity during sorghum germination". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88 15 (2008): 2598-2605. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57149117151&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1002/jsfa.3348
  42. Nunes, Alexandra; Correia, Isabel; Barros, António; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Nunes, A.; Correia, I.; Barros, A.; Delgadillo, I.. "Characterization of Kafirin and Zein Oligomers by Preparative Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 3 (2005): 639-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049553+.
    10.1021/jf049553+
  43. Correia, I.; Nunes, A.; Duarte, I.F.; Barros, A.; Delgadillo, I.. "Sorghum fermentation followed by spectroscopic techniques". Food Chemistry 90 4 (2005): 853-859. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-7044222852&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.060
  44. Nunes, A.; Correia, I.; Barros, A.; Delgadillo, I.. "Sequential in Vitro Pepsin Digestion of Uncooked and Cooked Sorghum and Maize Samples". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 7 (2004): 2052-2058. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1842430710&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1021/jf0348830
  45. Nunes, A.. "Portfolios in the EFL classroom: Disclosing an informed practice". ELT Journal 58 4 (2004): 327-335. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34248701675&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1093/elt/58.4.327
  46. Cerná, M.; Barros, A.S.; Nunes, A.; Rocha, S.M.; Delgadillo, I.; Copíková, J.; Coimbra, M.A.. "Use of FT-IR spectroscopy as a tool for the analysis of polysaccharide food additives". Carbohydrate Polymers 51 4 (2003): 383-389. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037346988&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00259-X
  47. Duodu, K.G.; Nunes, A.; Delgadillo, I.; Parker, M.L.; Mills, E.N.C.; Belton, P.S.; Taylor, J.R.N.. "Effect of grain structure and cooking on sorghum and maize in vitro protein digestibility". Journal of Cereal Science 35 2 (2002): 161-174. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036083509&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1006/jcrs.2001.0411
  48. Nunes, Alexandra; Vitoino, Rui; Delgadillo, Ivonne; Domingues, Pedro; Ferrer-Correia, António; Lemos-Amado, Francisco. "Preliminary study of sorghum and maize tryptic digest by MALDI TOF spectrometry.". FEBS Journal - Supplement 1 268 (2001): 18.
Online resource
  1. Bean, D.M.; Hnatova, S.; Mulleder, M.; Magalhães, S.; Nightingale, D.J.H.; Lilley, K.S.; Ralser, M.; et al. A multi-omic analysis reveals that human OPTN proteinopathy induces lipid metabolism defects in a yeast model system. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/605998.
Thesis / Dissertation
  1. Delgadillo, Ivonne; Nunes, Carla Alexandra Pina da Cruz. "Estudo de interacções entre componentes de farinha de Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench". PhD, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3184.
  2. Delgadillo, Ivonne; Nunes, Carla Alexandra Pina da Cruz. "Contribuição para a caracterização da fracção de prolaminas de duas variedades de sorgo". Master, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2978.

Other

Other output
  1. Study by FTIR of the Influence of Temperature on Sorghum Starch. 1997. A. Nunes; J. R. N. Taylor; I. Delgadillo. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_130.
    10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_130
Spin-off company
  1. 2006. Foodmetric - Intelligent Metric Solutions. Spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the analysis of complex matrices.
Activities

Oral presentation

Presentation title Event name
Host (Event location)
2020/09 Alzheimer’s disease cases discrimination by FTIR spectroscopy of exosomes. 34ª reunião do Grupo de Estudos de Envelhecimento Cerebral e Demência
(Portugal)
2018 Simulação de alta fidelidade: reação adversa ao contraste – oportunidade de aprendizagem ao longo da vida: estudo piloto. SPSim’18
(Portugal)
2018 Hight Fidelity Simulatio of contrast media adverse reactions as a lifelong oportunity: a pilot study 11th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation
(Spain)
2017 The use of FTIR to determine protein aggregation during aging. III Post-graduate Symposium in Biomedicine
2016 Clinical simulation scenarios in high-fidelity simulator - learning tool for students of Master Degree in Molecular Biomedicine 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine – SESAM 2016
(Portugal)
2015 Combinação de simuladores para identificação de quadros clínicos ginecológicos para estudantes de Ciências Biomédicas III Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Simulação Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde – SPSim’15
(Portugal)
2015 Cenários de AVC num simulador de alta fidelidade – ferramenta de aprendizagem para estudantes de Ciências Biomédicas III Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Simulação Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde – SPSim’15
2013 Potential of FTIR in the identification of Alzheimer 7ª edição do "Meeting on Cell Signalling" - SINAL 2013
2013 Identificação de biomarcadores de Alzheimer por FTIR Estudo piloto. VI Congresso Nacional do Envelhecimento Cerebral e Doença de Alzeimer
(Portugal)
2013 Identification of Alzheimer biomarkers with mid-infrared spectroscopy– exploratory study XIII Meeting of the Portuguese Society for Neurosciences
(Portugal)
2011 Looking for promissing crustacean biological models as chitin source for high-grade chitosan production World Aquaculture
(Brazil)
2011 Extra virgin olive oil flavoured with lemon peel using high hydrostatic pressure XXII Encontro Nacional da Sociedade Portuguesa de Química
(Portugal)
2009 Quantification of adulterated oil samples using a triangular experimental design. 9º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos
(Portugal)
2006 The Kitchen is a Lab. 3rd International Conference on Hands on Science
(Portugal)
2005 The use of spectroscopy to examine carbohydrates in food products. Glupor6 - III Iberian Carbohydrate Meeting
(Portugal)
2004 A Fábrica de Ciência Viva de Aveiro Fórum Ciência
(Portugal)
2003 Caracterização da fracção de prolaminas de sorgo por SDS-PAGE e SDS-PAGE preparativa: comparação com o milho Analitica’03
(Portugal)
2001 Caracterização química, organoléptica e espectroscópica de massa de Ovos Moles de Aveiro com vista à sua certificação – resultados preliminares. Anais do 5º Encontro Regional de Química
(Portugal)
1999 Modificações das prolaminas de sorgo ocasionadas pelo cozimento XIII Encontro Galego-Portugês de Química
XIII Encontro Galego-Portugês de Química (Spain)

Supervision

Thesis Title
Role 		Degree Subject (Type)
Institution / Organization
2018 - Current Avaliação da qualidade de embriões: abordagem metabolómica por FTIR
Supervisor
 Mestrado integrado em Medicina (Degree)
Universidade do Algarve Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Portugal
2022 - 2023 Programação de relatórios de dados clínicos para submissão regulamentar de ensaios clínicos de phase I
Supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2022 - 2023 Effects of isometric handgrip exercise on protein homeostasis among older patients with hypertension
Supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2022 - 2023 Relatório de Estágio Curricular em Coordenação de Investigação Clínica numa Unidade de Saúde Parceira da BlueClinical
Supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2021 - 2022 Metaboloma das células: uma ferramenta para o estudo do envelhecimento
Supervisor
2021 - 2022 Estágio em coordenação de estudos clínicos na CUF Academic Center
Supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
2017/10/01 - 2022 Age-related changes in protein conformation: a spectroscopic study in biological samples
Supervisor
 Programa Doutoral em Biomedicina (PhD)
Universidade de Aveiro Instituto de Biomedicina, Portugal
2020 - 2021 FTIR: uma potencial metodologia para o rastreio de marcadores de envelhecimento no DNA
Co-supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2020 - 2021 Estabelecimento de uma coorte para o estudo metabolómico do cancro da tiróide
Supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2019/09/01 - 2020/06/01 Infrared Spectroscopy of cells: a tool for ageing research
Supervisor
 Mestrado em Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2019/01/01 - 2019/12/01 Alterations in lipid profile throughout life
Supervisor of Idália Almeida
 Mestrado em Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2018/01/01 - 2018/07/12 Studying prostate cancer cell lines metabolome with FTIR spectroscopy
Supervisor
 Mestrado em Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2016 - 2016 Predictors of aging and potential of FTIR to detect protein aggregates
Supervisor
 Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2015 - 2015 FTIR, a potential tool to dementia diagnosis trough analysis of plasma
Supervisor
 Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2014 - 2014 Identificação de potenciais biomarcadores de doença de Alzheimer no plasma usando FTIR
Supervisor
 Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2013 - 2013 Identification and classification of prostate tumour tissues by FTIR
Supervisor
 Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2013 - 2013 Identification of Alzheimer biomarkers by FTIR-a pilot study
Supervisor
 Biomedicina Molecular (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Portugal
2011 - 2011 Avaliação da aplicação de alta pressão na aromatização de azeite com citrinos
Co-supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2011 - 2011 Estudo da estabilidade de azeite em função de factores exógenos
Co-supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2009 - 2010 Desenvolvimento de um azeite com aroma a limão.
Co-supervisor
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Jury of academic degree

Topic
Role 		Candidate name (Type of degree)
Institution / Organization
2018 Análise, por NMR, do perfil metabolómico de proteínas que sofrem agregação e unforlding num sistema modelo de levedura para doenças neurodegenerativas.
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Cláudia Patrícia dos Santos Ribeiro (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2017 Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Próximo em alimentos PetFood
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Ana Patrícia da Silva Marques (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2017 Regulamentação global: foco em ésteres de 3-MCPD e ésteres glicidílicos com base no parecer científico da EFSA em 2016
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Sofia Pereira Oliveira (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2017 Caracterização de variedades de arroz
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Patrícia Almeida Santos (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2015 Estudo de variedades de arroz - Informações químicas e nutricionais
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Elisabete Cristina Fonseca Aguiar (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2014 Armazenamento hiperbárico de produtos cárneos à temperatura ambiente
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Pedro António Rodrigues Fernandes (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2013 Efeito da temperatura e pH na inativação de Listeria por alta pressão
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Sónia Maria Leite Pereira (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2013 Efeito da taxa de pressurização na inativação de Listeria innocua
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Marina Rafaela dos Santos Ferreira (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2013 Estudo da secagem da maçã - Desenvolvimento de novos produtos
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Cátia Álison Cruz (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2012 Efeito da pasteurização e da alta pressão no sumo de laranja
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Fabiana Neves Vieira (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2012 Estudo da evolução de carotenos e de açúcares em tomate cereja Maria Carlota de Mendanha Soares Simões de Carvalho (Master)
2012 Estudo do efeito da aplicação de alta pressão a colostro e leite humano
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Maria Sílvia Gomes Sousa (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2011 Efeito da Alta Pressão em Demolha de Bacalhau e Enzimas de Cavala
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Liliana Gonçalves Fidalgo (Master)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2010 Aplicação biotecnológica do Cefalópode Acartia Tonsa (Dana 1849)
(Thesis) Main arguer
 Vera Mónica Augusto Severiano (Master)
Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal

Journal scientific committee

Journal title (ISSN) Publisher
2018/01/01 - Current Scientific Reports (2045-2322) Springer Nature
2016/01/01 - Current Current Metabolomics (2213-235X) Bentham Science
2014/01/01 - Current Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization (2193-4134) Springer-Verlag
2012/01/01 - Current Carbohydrate Polimers
Distinctions

Award

2005 With the project Foodmetric - Intelligent Metric Solutions - 1st place in the 2nd edtion of Contest for the creation of innovative technology-based companies organized by Associação da Incubadora Beira Atlântico Parque (AIBAP).
2005 With the project Foodmetric -Intelligent Metric Solutions project: 1st place in the Post-graduate Prize 2005 in the Bioentrepreneur Ideas Contest, organized by APBIO and ICEP Portugal.
2005 With the project Foodmetric-Intelligent Metric Solutions: 1st place in the 1st National Entrepreneurship Contest (CNE) 2005, organized by Caixa Geral de Depósitos (CGD) and Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL).