Carolin Hoffmann (211F-792C-1B73)

Curriculum Vitae

Carolin Hoffmann

Carolin Hoffmann performed her PhD at Maastricht University, where she set-up the research line of autoantibodies in psychotic disorders under supervision of Prof. Pilar Martinez. After receiving her PhD degree in 2018, she continued her research line in Maastricht as a PostDoc. In 2019 she stayed 3 months in the Neuroscience department of Biodonostia (San Sebastian, Spain). She recently received a 6-year fellowship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) to work on the role of complement in schizophrenia. In the end of 2020, she joined the Molecular Neuroscience and Gene Therapy Group at the University of Algarve (Portugal).In February 2022, she received her first funding as principal investigator (10 000 EUR from Algarve Biomedical Center) for reprogramming PBMCs from Schizophrenia patients into iPSCs and establishing neuronal models. She had several gaps in her productivity: 2019: 6 months for her first maternity leave; 2020: 7 months transfer between contracts; 2021: 8 months for her second maternity leave. Nevertheless, she has a competitive output of 14 articles published in peer reviewed journals (H-index 8), one book chapter (co-author), six poster and six oral presentations at international conferences and organization of 5 scientific events.

Ler resumo completo ↓

Identificação

Identificação pessoal

Nome completo: Carolin Hoffmann

Nomes de citação

Hoffmann, Carolin

Identificadores de autor

Ciência ID: 211F-792C-1B73
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2528-7541

Domínios de atuação

Ciências Médicas e da Saúde - Medicina Básica - Neurociências
Ciências Médicas e da Saúde - Medicina Básica - Imunologia
Ciências da Engenharia e Tecnologias - Engenharia Médica - Tecnologia Laboratorial

Idiomas

Idioma	Conversação	Leitura	Escrita	Compreensão	Peer-review
Alemão (Idioma materno)
Inglês	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C2)
Holandês	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C1)	Utilizador proficiente (C2)	Utilizador proficiente (C1)
Português	Utilizador proficiente (C1)	Utilizador proficiente (C1)	Utilizador independente (B2)	Utilizador proficiente (C1)	Utilizador proficiente (C1)
Francês	Utilizador independente (B2)	Utilizador independente (B2)	Utilizador independente (B2)	Utilizador independente (B2)	Utilizador independente (B2)

Formação

	Grau	Classificação
2013/08/01 - 2017/10/31 Concluído	School for Mental Health and Neurosciences (Doctor of Philosophy) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos "The brain under attack: Autoantibodies in psychotic disorders" (TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO)
2011/08/01 - 2013/05/03 Concluído	Medical Sciences (Master) Especialização em Biomedicine Karolinska Institutet, Suécia "Optimizing protein expression and disulfide bond formation in E.Coli" (TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO)
2008/08/01 - 2011/07/01 Concluído	Biomedical Sciences (Bachelor) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos "Detection of autoantibodies in Schizophrenia" (TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO)

Percurso profissional

Ciência

	Categoria Profissional Instituição de acolhimento	Empregador
2020/09/01 - Atual	Investigador (Investigação)	Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
	Universidade do Algarve Centro de Investigação em Biomedicina, Portugal
2017/11/01 - 2020/04/01	Pós-doutorado (Investigação)	Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos

2018/11/01 - 2019/03/01	Pós-doutorado (Investigação)	Biodonostia Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Espanha

Projetos

Bolsa

	Designação	Financiadores
2022/08/01 - 2024/12/31	Epigenetic Signatures of Schizophrenia in an iPSC derived model during neuronal differentiation ABC-RI 2022 Investigador responsável Universidade do Algarve Algarve Biomedical Center, Portugal	Universidade do Algarve Algarve Biomedical Center Em curso
2016/05/01 - 2016/07/31	Isolation of human autoantibodies against ion channels and associated proteins 245-2016 Bolseiro de Doutoramento Scripps Research Institute, Estados Unidos	Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Lebenswissenschaften Heidelberg GmbH Concluído

Projeto

	Designação	Financiadores
2020/09/01 - Atual	Deciphering the role of the complement system in schizophrenia CEECIND/02649/2018 Bolseiro de Iniciação Científica Universidade do Algarve - Campus de Gambelas, Portugal Universidade do Algarve Centro de Investigação em Biomedicina, Portugal	Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento da FCT
2018/03/01 - 2020/04/01	Immune mechanisms of psychotic disorders Kootstra_2018 Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento
2018/11/01 - 2019/04/01	Interplay of mitochondrial and immune function in neurodegenerative conditions ikerbasque_Holt Investigador Pós-doutorado
2015/08/01 - 2018/10/30	Autoantibodies in psychotic disorders 022005019 Bolseiro de Doutoramento Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Países Baixos	Concluído
2013/08/01 - 2014/08/01	Establishing antibody detection methods Kootstra_2014 Bolseiro de Doutoramento Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos	Concluído

Produções

Publicações

Artigo em revista

Zong, Shenghua; Vinke, Anita M.; Du, Peng; Hoffmann, Carolin; Mané-Damas, Marina; Molenaar, Peter C.; Damoiseaux, Jan G. M. C.; et al. "Anti-GAD65 autoantibody levels measured by ELISA and alternative types of immunoassays in relation to neuropsychiatric diseases versus diabetes mellitus type 1". Frontiers in Neurology 14 (2023): http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1111063.
10.3389/fneur.2023.1111063
Vinke, Anita M.; Zong, Shenghua; Janssen, Josien H.; Correia-Hoffmann, Carolin; Mané-Damas, Marina; Damoiseaux, Jan G.M.C.; de Vries, J.M.; et al. "Autoimmune Encephalitis With mGluR1 Antibodies Presenting With Epilepsy, but Without Cerebellar Signs". Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 9 4 (2022): e1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000001171.
10.1212/nxi.0000000000001171
Hoffmann, Carolin; Zong, Shenghua; Mané-Damas, Marina; Stevens, Jo; Malyavantham, Kishore; Küçükali, Cem Ismail; Tüzün, Erdem; et al. "The search for an autoimmune origin of psychotic disorders: Prevalence of autoantibodies against hippocampus antigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase and nuclear antigens". Schizophrenia Research 228 (2021): 462-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.038.
10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.038
Zong, Shenghua; Correia-Hoffmann, Carolin; Mané-Damas, Marina; Kappelmann, Nils; Molenaar, Peter C.; van Grootheest, Gerard; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; et al. "Novel neuronal surface autoantibodies in plasma of patients with depression and anxiety". Translational Psychiatry 10 1 (2020): http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01083-y.
10.1038/s41398-020-01083-y
Mané-Damas, Marina; Vinke, Anita; Hoffmann, Carolin; Zong, Shenghua; Losen, Mario; Molenaar, Peter C.; Damoiseaux, Jan; et al. "Unidentified Neuronal Surface IgG Autoantibodies in a Case of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy". Frontiers in Immunology 11 (2020): http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01358.
10.3389/fimmu.2020.01358
Hoffmann, Carolin; Zong, Shenghua; Mané-Damas, Marina; Molenaar, Peter C.; Losen, Mario; Titulaer, Maarten J.; Martinez-Martinez, Pilar. "Absence of Autoantibodies Against Neuronal Surface Antigens in Sera of Patients With Psychotic Disorders". JAMA Psychiatry 77 3 (2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3679.
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3679
Hoffmann C; Stevens J; Zong S; van Kruining D; Saxena A; Küçükali CI; Tüzün E; et al. "Alpha7 acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies are rare in sera of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.". PloS one (2018): http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/30521579.
10.1371/journal.pone.0208412
Vinke, Anita M.; Schaper, Frédéric L.W.V.J.; Vlooswijk, Mariëlle C.G.; Nicolai, Joost; Majoie, Marian H.J.M.; Martinez Martinez, Pilar; Hoffmann, Carolin; Damoiseaux, Jan G.M.C.; Rouhl, Rob P.W.. "Anti-GAD antibodies in a cohort of neuropsychiatric patients". Epilepsy & Behavior 82 (2018): 25-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.03.004.
10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.03.004
Zong, Shenghua; Hoffmann, Carolin; Mané-Damas, Marina; Molenaar, Peter; Losen, Mario; Martinez-Martinez, Pilar. "Neuronal Surface Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Are There Implications for Depression?". Frontiers in Immunology 8 (2017): http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00752.
10.3389/fimmu.2017.00752
Hoffmann, Carolin; Zong, Shenghua; Mané-Damas, Marina; Molenaar, Peter; Losen, Mario; Martinez-Martinez, Pilar. "Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Antibodies 5 2 (2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib5020009.
10.3390/antib5020009
de Witte, Lot D.; Hoffmann, Carolin; van Mierlo, Hans C.; Titulaer, Maarten J.; Kahn, René S.; Martinez-Martinez, Pilar. "Absence ofN-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor IgG Autoantibodies in Schizophrenia". JAMA Psychiatry 72 7 (2015): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0526.
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0526
Hoffmann, Carolin; Nogales-Gadea, Gisela; Saxena, Abhishek; Hounjet, Judith; Coenen, Daniëlle; Molenaar, Peter; Losen, Mario; Martinez-Martinez, Pilar. "Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells". Journal of Visualized Experiments 100 (2015): http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/52830.
10.3791/52830
Martinez-Martinez, P.; Molenaar, P.; Losen, M.; Hoffmann, C.; Stevens, J.; De Witte, L.D.; van Amelvoort, T.; Rutten, B.P.F.; van Os, J.. "Auto-immune disorders as a possible cause of neuropsychiatric syndromes". Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie 57 3 (2015): 183-191. http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/assets/articles/57-2015-3-artikel-martinez.pdf.
Acesso aberto
Asrican, Brent; Augustine, George J.; Berglund, Ken; Chen, Susu; Chow, Nick; Deisseroth, Karl; Feng, Guoping; et al. "Next-generation transgenic mice for optogenetic analysis of neural circuits". Frontiers in Neural Circuits 7 (2013): http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00160.
10.3389/fncir.2013.00160
Andrade, Pablo; Visser-Vandewalle, Veerle; Hoffmann, Carolin; Steinbusch, Harry W. M.; Daemen, Marc A.; Hoogland, Govert. "Role of TNF-alpha during central sensitization in preclinical studies". Neurological Sciences 32 5 (2011): 757-771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-011-0599-z.
10.1007/s10072-011-0599-z

Tese / Dissertação

Hoffmann, Carolin. "The Brain under attack: Autoantibodies in psychotic disorders". Doutoramento, Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, 2018.

Atividades

Apresentação oral de trabalho

	Título da apresentação	Nome do evento Anfitrião (Local do evento)
2022/11/15	Epigenetic regulation of the complement genes in Schizophrenia: In-Situ analysis and ideas for the future.	Seminar at the School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs) at Maastricht University School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (Maastricht, Países Baixos)
2018/08/31	Prevalence of neuronal and systemic autoantibodies in sera of patients with psychotic disorders and mental disorders without psychosis	14th International congress on Neuroimmunology International Society of Neuroimmunology (Brisbane, Austrália)

Orientação

	Título / Tema Papel desempenhado	Curso (Tipo) Instituição / Organização
2023/09/11 - 2024/08/01	Methylation signatures of interferon gamma signaling in human iPSC-derived neurons Orientador	Ciências Biomédicas (Mestrado) Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
2024/03/11 - 2024/04/30	Effect of IFN-gamma on neurodevelopment in an iPSC-derived model Orientador	Medicine (Mestrado) Universidade do Algarve Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Portugal
2023/04/17 - 2023/06/30	Testing the effect of VitaminK on complement system in cell culture systems Orientador	Ciências Biomédicas Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
2022/04 - 2023/06	Methylation Changes of Complement Genes during Neuronal Differentiation – a Data Mining Approach Orientador	Ciências Biomédicas Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
2017/02/01 - 2017/09/15	Cloning and analyzing IgG antibodies from NMDAR encephalitis and MuSk-Myasthenia Gravis patients	Biomedicine (Mestrado) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos
2016/02/01 - 2016/07/31	Detection of Pathogenic Autoantibodies in Schizophrenia Coorientador	Biomedicine (Mestrado) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos
2015/02/01 - 2015/07/31	The role of the a-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a target of autoantibodies in schizophrenia Coorientador	Biomedicine (Mestrado) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos
2015/02/01 - 2015/07/31	Development of a cell-based assay to detect autoantibodies against the alpha-7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in schizophrenia Coorientador	Biomedicine (Mestrado) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos
2014/12/01 - 2015/07/31	Identification and cloning of autoantibodies in schizophrenia and encephalitis Coorientador	Biologie en Medisch Laboratoriumonderzoek Research (Outra) Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos
2014/02/01 - 2014/07/20	Autoantibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in schizophrenia Coorientador	Biomedical sciences (Mestrado)

Organização de evento

	Nome do evento Tipo de evento (Tipo de participação)	Instituição / Organização
2023/09 - Atual	"Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute - Tours" or "ABC-RI Tours" These are bi-weekly (or on request) visits to the research labs. It show-cases the ongoing research, some of our latest findings and gives the opportunity to meet scientists at work. We also tour the UAlgTec Health Simulation Centre with its simulators for a wide range of health cases and scenarios. (2023/09) Outro (Coorganizador)	Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Portugal
2018/05/01 - 2018/11/28	Member of the organization-committee of the Annual Research Day 2018 of the department of psychiatry and Neuropsychology with the title "Career perspectives in and outside academia" (2018/11/28 - 2018/11/28) Simpósio (Membro da Comissão Organizadora)	Universiteit Maastricht, Países Baixos
2017/03/01 - 2017/07/31	MHeNs Translational Neuroscience Masterclass “Autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric disorders” organized June 2017 for the PhD students of the school for Mental Health and Neuroscience (Maastricht University) as well as scientists from the Netherlands and surrounding areas. Role: Co-organization, oral presentation, discussion leader and moderator: guide a group discussion on different research questions (2017/07/14 - 2017/07/14) Simpósio (Coorganizador)	Universiteit Maastricht, Países Baixos
2017/02/01 - 2017/06/16	Organization of parallel session: Immunity in Psychiatric syndromes during the Dutch Neuroscience Meeting, June 15th, 2017, Lunteren (Netherlands) Role: Co-organization, Discussion Chair, and speaker (2017/07/15 - 2017/07/15) Conferência (Coorganizador)
2015/01/01 - 2015/04/18	9th MHeNs Translational Neuroscience Workshop “When the brain is under attack: Auto-antibodies and neurotransmitters as key player in neurological and psychiatric diseases” was organized April 2015 for the PhD students of MHeNs at Maastricht University Role: Co-organization, discussion leader and moderator: guide a group discussion on different research questions (2015/04/15 - 2015/04/15) Oficina (workshop) (Coorganizador)	Universiteit Maastricht, Países Baixos

Participação em evento

	Descrição da atividade Tipo de evento	Nome do evento Instituição / Organização
2023/02/24 - Atual	Trainee event organized by the PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society. Oral presentation:” Complement genes are differentially methylated in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis”. Encontro	PNIRS trainee event
2023/05/03 - 2023/05/05	At Regional FENS, SPN aims to boost the development of neuroscience at national and regional levels by organising a meeting with an outstanding scientific programme reflecting the latest breakthroughs in neuroscience, as well as its diversity. Conferência	Regional FENS Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Portugal
2022/12/06 - 2022/12/07	Poster presentation: In-Situ methylation analysis of complement genes in the frontal cortex of individuals with Schizophrenia Conferência	Aging without borders
2022/10/16 - 2022/10/17	I represented the ABC-RI to give the general public and especially the younger generation an insight into what happens at our research institute. We playfully explained the differentiation of different neuronal cells with a dice game where student and their families could walk the path of differentiation/self-renewal/apoptosis. These games were a good starting point for conversations with the participants to trigger their curiosity for the topic. Festival	FICA – “Festival Internacional de Ciência 2022” in Oeiras
2018/11/15 - 2018/11/17	The Lancet Summit: Inflammation and Immunity in Disorders of the Brain and Mind, Barcelona Spain Poster: C. Hoffmann, J. Stevens, S. Zong,et al. Alpha7 acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies detected with a new radioimmunoassay are rare in sera of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Poster:C. Hoffmann, S. Zong, M. Mané Damas, et.al. Prevalence of neuronal and systemic autoantibodies in sera of patients with psychotic disorders and mental disorders without psychosis. Conferência	The Lancet Summit: Inflammation and Immunity in Disorders of the Brain and Mind
2016/04/06 - 2016/04/10	10th international congress on autoimmunity, Leibzig (Germany) Poster with pitch presentation: Hoffmann, C., Stevens, J., Damas, M., et al. Analysis of auto-antibodies in psychotic disorder Chair of poster presentation session Congresso	10th international congress on autoimmunity
2015/03/26 - 2015/03/27	The Lancet Neurology Autoimmune Disorders Conference, Barcelona (Spain) Poster: Hoffmann, C., Kishore Malyavantham, K., Lindemann, M.J., et al. Analysis of auto-antibodies in psychotic disorder Conferência	The Lancet Neurology Autoimmune Disorders Conference
2015/03/13 - 2015/03/13	Symposium "The immune-brain axis: from molecules to behavior", Hasselt (Belgium) Oral presentation: Hoffmann , C., Kishore Malyavantham, K., Lindemann, M.J., et al. Analysis of auto-antibodies in psychotic disorder Simpósio	Symposium "The immune-brain axis: from molecules to behavior"
2014/11/09 - 2014/11/13	12th International Congress of Neuroimmunology (ICNI), Mainz (Germany) Poster: Hoffmann, C., Lindemann, M.J., Ramsperger, V.C., et al. Analysis of autoantibodies in Schizophrenia Poster: Hoffmann, C., Nogales-Gadea, G., Stevens et al. Analysis of pathogenic autoantibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor in schizophrenia *received travel grant to attend the conference from the German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG) Conferência	12th International Congress of Neuroimmunology
2014/05/23 - 2014/05/24	12th Endo-Neuro-Psycho meeting, Lunteren (Netherlands) Oral presentation: Hoffmann, C., Nogales-Gadea, G., Stevens, et al. Analysis of pathogenic autoantibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor in schizophrenia Conferência	12th Endo-Neuro-Psycho meeting
2014/03/28 - 2014/03/30	9th international congress on autoimmunity in Nice, France Oral presentation: Hoffmann, C., Nogales-Gadea, G., Stevens, J. et al. Analysis of pathogenic autoantibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor in schizophrenia Poster: Hoffmann, C., Lindemann, M.J., Ramsperger, V.C., et al. Analysis of autoantibodies in Schizophrenia Conferência	9th international congress on autoimmunity

Curso / Disciplina lecionado

	Disciplina	Curso (Tipo)	Instituição / Organização
2023/11/06 - Atual	lecture on cell culture and applications for biomedical research	Biomedical Sciences (Master)	Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Países Baixos
2023/01 - Atual	Lecture in the 2nd year medical course at Maastricht University as part of “Expert lectures” on the topic of “Autoantibodies in the brain”.	International Bachelor (BA) of Medicine (Bachelor)	Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Países Baixos
2022/11/07 - 2022/11/23	Practical classes within the course of "Gene and Cell Therapy" with the topic "Testing molecular activation of autophagy as therapeutic strategy in a cell model of Huntington´s disease.	Biomedical Sciences (Licenciatura)	Universidade do Algarve Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Portugal
2015/09/05 - 2018/11/30	2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 Lecture topics incl. neuroimmunology, immune system of the central nervous system, autoimmunity in psychotic disorders Tutorials and journal Clubs: fundamental of Neurosciences, Neuroimmunology, research methods Practical laboratory classes: Human anatomy, Sheep brain dissection practical, Cell based ELISA,Cell culture, Immunohistochemistry on rat brain, ELISA, and Dot-Blot,	fundamental Neuroscience (master),Biomedicine(Bachelor and Master),health sciences(Bachelor and Master), and Medicine (Master) (Master)	Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos

Membro de comissão

	Descrição da atividade Tipo de participação	Instituição / Organização
2023/08 - Atual	As memebr of the organizing committe of the ABC-RI days, I am organizing, divulgating and executing bi-monthyl guided tours through our research institute. Membro	Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Portugal

Distinções

Prémio

2013	Award for the 3rd best Poster on the EURON days European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Países Baixos

Outra distinção

2020	Scientific Employment stimulus - Individual fellowship Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal
2018	Kootstra PostDoc Talent Fellowship Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos
2018	Travel grant The International Society of Neuroimmunology, Itália
2016	EMBO travel grant Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Lebenswissenschaften Heidelberg GmbH, Alemanha
2016	Short Term Travel grant Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Alemanha
2014	Graduate School of Translational Neuroscience PhD fellowship Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Países Baixos
2013	Koostra Student Talent Fellowship Universiteit Maastricht Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Países Baixos