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Cristina Fernandes (female) is the Materials Development responsible at Palbit S.A. since 2016. Over the last years, she performed research on alternative binders to replace traditional cobalt used in cemented carbide cutting tools and on innovative processing techniques (sputter deposition on WC powder particles, high energy ball milling, selective laser sintering). She is responsable for the technical managment and coordination of I&D projects with academic institutions and Palbit S.A. She have also performed orientation of master and doctoral students.
Identificação

Identificação pessoal

Nome completo
Cristina Fernandes

Nomes de citação

  • Fernandes, Cristina

Identificadores de autor

Ciência ID
7315-9372-1223
ORCID iD
0000-0001-9713-060X

Telefones

Telefone
  • 918107739 (Profissional)

Moradas

  • Palhal EM 505 Rua das Tílias S/n Albergaria-a-Velha , 3850-582 , Barnca, Albergaria-a-Velha, Portugal (Profissional)

Domínios de atuação

  • Ciências da Engenharia e Tecnologias - Engenharia dos Materiais - Compósitos

Idiomas

Idioma Conversação Leitura Escrita Compreensão Peer-review
Inglês Utilizador independente (B2) Utilizador independente (B2) Utilizador independente (B2) Utilizador independente (B2) Utilizador independente (B2)
Formação
Grau Classificação
2008
Concluído
 Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (Doutoramento)
Especialização em Sem especialidade
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
"A Pulverização Catódica na Produção de Compósitos de Carboneto de Tungsténio" (TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO)
1999 - 2002
Concluído
 mestrado em engenharia de materiais (Mestrado)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
 aprovada
1999
Concluído
 Engenharia de Materiais (Licenciatura)
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
 14
Percurso profissional

Ciência

Categoria Profissional
Instituição de acolhimento 		Empregador
2008 - 2016 Pós-doutorado (Investigação) Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Docência no Ensino Superior

Categoria Profissional
Instituição de acolhimento 		Empregador
2012/04/10 - 2016/07/31 Professor Adjunto Convidado (Docente Ensino Superior Politécnico) Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Portugal
Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Portugal

Cargos e Funções

Categoria Profissional
Instituição de acolhimento 		Empregador
2016/10/01 - Atual Responsável pelo desenvolvimento de materiais Palbit S.A., Portugal
Palbit S.A., Portugal
Projetos

Projeto

Designação Financiadores
2020/10/01 - 2023/06/30 POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047060 3DCompCer: Manufatura aditiva de compósitos de base cerâmica para componentes mecânicos,
• POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047060
Investigador
Palbit S.A., Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Em curso
2019 - 2022 POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039538 DHardTools: Precison Machining with CVD diamond cutting tools
• POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039538
Investigador responsável
Palbit S.A., Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Em curso
2018/06/01 - 2021/05/31 Design inteligente de ferramentas de corte usando Fusão/Sinterização Seletiva Multi-material por Laser
PTDC/EME-EME/30353/2017
Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Instituto Politécnico do Porto Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Portugal
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Em curso
2018/06/01 - 2021/05/31 Design inteligente de ferramentas de corte usando Fusão/Sinterização Seletiva Multi-material por Laser
PTDC/EME-EME/30353/2017
Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Instituto Politécnico do Porto Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Portugal
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Em curso
2019 - 2020 • POCI-01-0247-FEDER-038146 EcoRods: Valorização de resíduos de metal duro através do processamento de cilindros
POCI-01-0247-FEDER-038146
Investigador responsável
Palbit S.A., Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Concluído
2015/06/01 - 2016/09/30 Exploração de tensões para desenvolver nanocerâmicos funcionais por sinterização TEM in-situ.
UTAP-EXPL/CTM-NAN/0018/2014
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro CICECO, Portugal
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Concluído
2015/06/01 - 2016/09/30 Exploração de tensões para desenvolver nanocerâmicos funcionais por sinterização TEM in-situ.
UTAP-EXPL/CTM-NAN/0018/2014
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Universidade de Aveiro CICECO, Portugal
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Concluído
2003/11/01 - 2008/02/29 COMPÓSITOS DE CARBONETO DE TUNGSTÉNIO E AÇO INOXIDÁVEL
SFRH/BD/12410/2003
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Concluído
2003/11/01 - 2008/02/29 COMPÓSITOS DE CARBONETO DE TUNGSTÉNIO E AÇO INOXIDÁVEL
SFRH/BD/12410/2003
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Concluído
Produções

Publicações

Artigo em conferência
  1. Mónica S. Faria; Filipe J. Oliveira; Cristina M. Fernandes; Daniel Figueiredo; Susana Olhero. "Si3N4 Parts Fabricated by Robocasting: Proof of Concept". 2022.
    10.3390/materproc2022008067
  2. Gonçalo Oliveira; Ricardo Mineiro; Ana Senos; Maria Elisabete Costa; Cristina Fernandes; Daniel Figueiredo; Maria Teresa Vieira. "WC-Co Filament for Material Extrusion (MEX)". 2022.
    10.3390/materproc2022008040
  3. Senos, A.M.R.; Fernandes, C.M.; Soares, E.; Oliverira, F.J.; Sacramento, J.. "Optimizing the mechanical properties of WC-AISI304 stainless steel hardmetals through carbon addition". 2016.
  4. Fernandes, C.M.; Oliveira, F.J.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Reactive sintering of tungsten carbide-stainless steel hardmetals assessed by dilatometry". 2011.
  5. Fernandes, C.; Cunto, G.; Figueiredo, F.M.; Frade, J.R.. "Heterogeneous zirconia-based solid electrolytes obtained by sintering TZP+YSZ powder mixtures". 2009.
    10.1149/1.3205698
Artigo em revista
  1. Mineiro, Ricardo; Fernandes, C.M.; Silva, E.L.; Soares, M.R.; Figueiredo, D.; Ferrari, B.; Sanchez-Herencia, A.J.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Reaction behavior during Spark Plasma Sintering of cBN-TiCN-Ni powders". Journal of the European Ceramic Society 43 15 (2023): 6783-6792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.06.074.
    10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.06.074
  2. Basílio, Liudmila; Guimarães, Bruno; Carvalho, Óscar; Fernandes, Cristina; Figueiredo, Daniel; Silva, Filipe; Miranda, Georgina. "WC–Co/316L stainless steel bonding enhancement by laser surface texturing and pressure-assisted sintering". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2023): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12174-7.
    10.1007/s00170-023-12174-7
  3. Faria, M.S.; Alves, M.F.R.P.; Cintra, R.; Oliveira, F.J.; Fernandes, C.M.; Figueiredo, D.; Olhero, S.M.. "Influence of ink rheology and post processing in the structural performance of silicon nitride-based ceramics fabricated by robocasting". Ceramics International 49 12 (2023): 20968-20979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.231.
    10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.231
  4. Guimarães, B.; Guedes, A.; Fernandes, C.M.; Figueiredo, D.; Bartolomeu, F.; Miranda, G.; Silva, F.S.. "WC-Co/316L stainless steel joining by laser powder bed fusion for multi-material cutting tools manufacturing". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 112 (2023): 106140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106140.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106140
  5. Bruno Guimarães; José Rosas; Cristina M. Fernandes; Daniel Figueiredo; Hernâni Lopes; Olga C. Paiva; Filipe S. Silva; Georgina Miranda. "Real-Time Cutting Temperature Measurement in Turning of AISI 1045 Steel through an Embedded Thermocouple—A Comparative Study with Infrared Thermography". Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (2023): https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010050.
    10.3390/jmmp7010050
  6. Bruno Miguel Pereira Guimarães; Cristina Maria da Silva Fernandes; Daniel Amaral de Figueiredo; Filipe Samuel Correia Pereira da Silva; Maria Georgina Macedo Miranda. "Cutting temperature measurement and prediction in machining processes: comprehensive review and future perspectives". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2022): https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08957-z.
    10.1007/s00170-022-08957-z
  7. Luís Vilhena; Bruno Domingues; Cristina Fernandes; Ana Senos; Amílcar Ramalho. "Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of WC-Co and WC-AISI 304 Composites by a Newly Developed Equipment". Materials (2022): https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031187.
    10.3390/ma15031187
  8. Eduardo L. Silva; Sérgio Pratas; Miguel A. Neto; Cristina M. Fernandes; Daniel Figueiredo; Rui F. Silva. "Multilayer Diamond Coatings Applied to Micro-End-Milling of Cemented Carbide". Materials 14 12 (2021): 3333-3333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123333.
    10.3390/ma14123333
  9. Rocha, A.M.F.; Bastos, A.C.; Cardoso, J.P.; Rodrigues, F.; Fernandes, C.M.; Soares, E.; Sacramento, J.; Senos, A.M.R.; Ferreira, M.G.S.. "Corrosion behaviour of WC hardmetals with nickel-based binders". Corrosion Science 147 (2019): 384-393. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85057596416&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.015
  10. Fernandes, C.M.; Puga, J.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Nanometric WC-12¿wt% AISI 304 powders obtained by high energy ball milling". Advanced Powder Technology 30 5 (2019): 1018-1024. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85062674884&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.apt.2019.02.016
  11. Guimarães, B.; Figueiredo, D.; Fernandes, C.M.; Silva, F.S.; Miranda, G.; Carvalho, O.. "Laser machining of WC-Co green compacts for cutting tools manufacturing". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 81 (2019): 316-324. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85063166156&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.03.018
  12. Cardoso, J.P.; Puga, J.; Rocha, A.M.F.; Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.. "WC – (Cu: AISI304) composites processed from high energy ball milled powders". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 84 (2019): http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85068209281&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.104990
  13. Fernandes, C.M.; Rocha, A.; Cardoso, J.P.; Bastos, A.C.; Soares, E.; Sacramento, J.; Ferreira, M.G.S.; Senos, A.M.R.. "WC-stainless steel hardmetals". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 72 (2018): 21-26. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85037537215&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.11.046
  14. Cavaleiro, A.J.; Fernandes, C.M.; Farinha, A.R.; Gestel, C.V.; Jhabvala, J.; Boillat, E.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "The role of nanocrystalline binder metallic coating into WC after additive manufacturing". Applied Surface Science 427 (2018): 131-138. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85029150249&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.039
  15. Ramos, J.P.; Senos, A.M.R.; Stora, T.; Fernandes, C.M.; Bowen, P.. "Development of a processing route for carbon allotrope-based TiC porous nanocomposites". Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37 13 (2017): 3899-3908. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018284801&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.04.016
  16. Fernandes, C.M.; Oliveira, F.J.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Reactive sintering and microstructure development of tungsten carbide-AISI 304 stainless steel cemented carbides". Materials Chemistry and Physics 193 (2017): 348-355. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85016156647&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.02.030
  17. Vilhena, L.M.; Fernandes, C.M.; Soares, E.; Sacramento, J.; Senos, A.M.R.; Ramalho, A.. "Abrasive wear resistance of WC-Co and WC-AISI 304 composites by ball-cratering method". Wear 346-347 (2016): 99-107. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84947975771&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.005
  18. Fernandes, C.M.; Almeida, B.A.; Soares, E.; Sacramento, J.; Senos, A.M.R.. "EBSD microstructural analysis of WC-AISI 304 cemented carbides with carbon addition". Microscopy and Microanalysis 22 (2016): 34-35. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85014569960&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1017/S1431927616000362
  19. Silva, V.L.; Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Copper wettability on tungsten carbide surfaces". Ceramics International 42 1 (2016): 1191-1196. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946607161&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.050
  20. Ramos, J.P.; Fernandes, C.M.; Stora, T.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Sintering kinetics of nanometric calcium oxide in vacuum atmosphere". Ceramics International 41 6 (2015): 8093-8099. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84927581228&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.03.007
  21. Oliveira, A.B.; Bastos, A.C.; Fernandes, C.M.; Pinho, C.M.S.; Senos, A.M.R.; Soares, E.; Sacramento, J.; Zheludkevich, M.L.; Ferreira, M.G.S.. "Corrosion behaviour of WC-10% AISI 304 cemented carbides". Corrosion Science 100 (2015): 322-331. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84943454064&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.corsci.2015.08.006
  22. Fernandes, C.M.; Vieira, M.T.F.; Senos, A.M.R.. "EBSD Characterization of WC-AISI304 Cemented Carbides". Microscopy and Microanalysis 21 (2015): 25-26. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84944067508&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1017/S1431927615013938
  23. Mota, D.A.; Romaguera Barcelay, Y.; Senos, A.M.R.; Fernandes, C.M.; Tavares, P.B.; Gomes, I.T.; Sá, P.; et al. "Unravelling the effect of SrTiO3antiferrodistortive phase transition on the magnetic properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3thin films". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47 43 (2014): http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907898459&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1088/0022-3727/47/43/435002
  24. Fernandes, C.M.; Vilhena, L.M.; Pinho, C.M.S.; Oliveira, F.J.; Soares, E.; Sacramento, J.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Mechanical characterization of WC-10wt% AISI 304 cemented carbides". Materials Science and Engineering A 618 (2014): 629-636. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908352095&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.064
  25. Marques, B.J.; Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Sintering, microstructure and properties of WC-AISI304 powder composites". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 562 (2013): 164-170. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874943494&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.013
  26. Fernandes, Cristina. "Morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy of WC powder particles coated with Cu". Microscopy and Microanalysis (2013):
    doi:10.1017/S1431927613001347
  27. De Sousa, P.; Panwar, N.; Bdikin, I.; Kholkin, A.L.; Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Effect of the grain size on the magnetic phase separation in La 0.8Sr0.2MnO3 by magnetic force microscopy". Microscopy and Microanalysis 18 SUPPL.5 (2012): 101-102. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894645503&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1017/S1431927612013165
  28. Fernandes, Cristina. "Effect of the Grain Size on the Magnetic Phase Separation in La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 by Magnetic Force Microscopy". Microscopy and Microanalysis (2012):
    doi:10.1017/S1431927612013165
  29. Fernandes, C.M.; Willinger, M.-G.; Vieira, M.T.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Interface exploring of tungsten carbide-stainless steel composites through HRTEM". Microscopy and Microanalysis 18 SUPPL.5 (2012): 109-110. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876125026&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1017/S1431927612013207
  30. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Versatility of the sputtering technique in the processing of WC-Fe-Ni-Cr composites". Surface and Coatings Technology 206 23 (2012): 4915-4921. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863782740&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.05.093
  31. Fernandes, Cristina. "Interface Exploring of Tungsten Carbide-Stainless Steel Composites through HRTEM". Microscopy and Microanalysis (2012):
    doi:10.1017/S1431927612013207
  32. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.. "Cemented carbide phase diagrams: A review". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 29 4 (2011): 405-418. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79955530115&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2011.02.004
  33. Fernandes, C.M.; Castela, A.; Figueiredo, F.M.; Frade, J.R.. "Microstructure-property relations in composite yttria-substituted zirconia solid electrolytes". Solid State Ionics 193 1 (2011): 52-59. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79959321681&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ssi.2011.02.017
  34. Fernandes, C.M.; Guisbiers, G.; Pereira, S.; Barradas, N.P.; Alves, E.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Annealing Ni nanocrystalline on WC-Co". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 482 1-2 (2009): 131-136. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349086276&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.106
  35. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.; Fernandes, J.V.. "Composites from WC powders sputter-deposited with iron rich binders". Ceramics International 35 4 (2009): 1617-1623. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-61449146054&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.09.009
  36. Fernandes, C.M.; Popovich, V.; Matos, M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Carbide phases formed in WC-M (M = Fe/Ni/Cr) systems". Ceramics International 35 1 (2009): 369-372. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55949115372&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ceramint.2007.11.001
  37. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.; Antunes, J.M.. "Mechanical characterization of composites prepared from WC powders coated with Ni rich binders". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 26 5 (2008): 491-498. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44549086544&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2007.12.001
  38. Castanho, J.M.; Vieira, M.T.; Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Matos, M.. "Coated WC powders by sputtered nanostructured Ni and stainless steel". Vacuum 82 12 (2008): 1404-1406. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-49349115808&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.03.040
  39. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Microscopic characterization of the thermal evolution of stainless steel coatings sputter-deposited onto WC particles". Microscopy and Microanalysis 14 SUPPL. 3 (2008): 39-40. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-53349107705&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1017/S1431927608089320
  40. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Control of eta carbide formation in tungsten carbide powders sputter-coated with (Fe/Ni/Cr)". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 25 4 (2007): 310-317. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34147143584&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2006.07.004
  41. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Particle surface properties of stainless steel-coated tungsten carbide powders". Powder Technology 164 3 (2006): 124-129. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745028618&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/j.powtec.2006.03.005
  42. Fernandes, C.M.; Ferreira, V.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Stainless steel coatings sputter-deposited on tungsten carbide powder particles". Surface and Coatings Technology 176 1 (2003): 103-108. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242498781&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00021-5
  43. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. "Sintering of tungsten carbide particles sputter-deposited with stainless steel". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 21 3-4 (2003): 147-154. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0043029700&partnerID=MN8TOARS.
    10.1016/S0263-4368(03)00029-5
Livro
  1. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Castanho, J.M.; Vieira, M.T.. Effect of the Ni chemical distribution on the reactivity and densification of WC-(Fe/Ni/Cr) composite powders. 2006.
  2. Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.; Vieira, M.T.. Study of sintering variables of tungsten carbide particles sputter-deposited with stainless steel. 2004.